Internet Jargon

Internet Jargon, lingo and acronyms explained

Notting Hill Internet Services' guide to website and internet jargon: find simple definitions for words and acronyms from applet to WWW. 

 Applet:
A small Java program that can be embedded in an HTML page. An applet can only make an Internet connection to the computer from which the applet was sent.

Archie:
A tool for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites.

ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network): The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the late 60's and early 70's by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area-networking that would survive a nuclear war.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): This is the worldwide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, and punctuation. There are 128 standard ASCII codes, each of which is a 7 digit binary number.

Attachments:
Computer files that accompany the message portion of your e-mail.

Bandwidth: The amount of data which can be sent through a connection, usually measured in bits-per-second. A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits, and a fast modem can move about 56,000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10,000,000 bits-per-second, depending on compression.

Bit (Binary Digit):
The smallest unit of computerized data.

Bps (Bits-Per-Second): A measurement of the speed with which data is moved from one location to another.

Bookmark: A place holder you can use to track pages you have visited on the Web.

Boolean Search: A keyword search that uses Boolean Operators (i.e. AND, OR, NOT and NEAR).

Browser: Software program with a user friendly interface allowing easy navigation of the Internet (i.e. Netscape or Internet Explorer).

Byte: A set of Bits (usually 8) that represent a single character.

CGI (Common Gateway Interface): Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and modifies it, i.e. converting a form into an e-mail message, or turning a keyword into a database query. A CGI program is being used if "CGI-bin" appears in the URL.

CGI-bin: The directory on a web server in which CGI programs are stored.

Client: Any PC on a network that connects to an Internet application or to data residing on a server.

Cookies: Cookies store information about visitors to websites - this data (i.e. user name, password and which parts of the site were used) is updated with every visit.

Cyberspace: The metaphysical environment of the Internet.

Directory Search:
Hierarchical search that begins with a general heading and proceeds through selections of increasingly more specific information.

Domain Name: The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2 or more parts separated by dots (i.e. iod.co.uk). The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general.

Download:
To copy a file or program from a host computer "down" to your computer. The opposite of download is upload, which means to copy a file from your computer "up" to the host computer.

E-mail (Electronic Mail): Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer.

False Drops: Documents which are retrieved by an Internet search but are not relevant to the user's interest.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): FAQs are Internet documents which list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject.

Fire Wall: A combination of hardware and software which separates a LAN into two or more parts for security purposes.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A very common method of moving files between two Internet sites. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained by FTP login using the account name anonymous. These sites are termed anonymous ftp servers.

Gateway: A hardware or software set-up translating between two dissimilar protocols, for example an internal e-mail format and Internet e-mail.

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format): A common format for image files, especially suitable for simple images containing large areas of the same colour.

Gigabyte: 1000 megabytes.

Gopher: A system of clients and servers that provides a menu system for navigating the Internet. Although Gopher spread rapidly across the globe in only a couple of years, it has been largely supplanted by Hypertext.

History: A browser list of previously visited Web pages, which makes for easy recall.

Hit: A single request from a web browser for a single item from a web server. In order for a web browser to display a page that contains 3 graphics, 4 "hits" would occur at the server: 1 for the HTML page, and one for each of the 3 graphics. "hits" are often used as a very rough measure of load on a server.

Home Page (or Homepage): The web page your browser defaults to when it starts up, or the main web page within a site.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The programming language which is used to create Web pages. HTML files are designed to be viewed using a World Wide Web Client Program such as Microsoft Internet Explorer.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The protocol for moving hypertext files across the Internet. Requires a HTTP client program on one end and an HTTP server program on the other. HTTP is the most important protocol used in the World Wide Web (WWW).

Hypertext: Text that contains links to other documents - words or phrases which can be chosen by a user in order for another document to be retrieved and displayed. Graphics can also be hypertext "links".

Internet (Upper case I): A worldwide network of millions of computers and servers using phone system technology to carry information from one place to another.

Intranet: A private network inside a company or organization which runs on the same kinds of software as that found on the Internet, but which is only for internal use.

IP Number (Internet Protocol Number): Sometimes called a dotted quad. A unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots, e.g. 165.113.245.2. Every machine on the Internet possesses a unique IP number.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat): A multi-user real-time chat facility. There are a number of major IRC servers around the world which are linked to each other. Anyone can create a channel and anything typed in a given channel is seen by all users of that channel.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): A way to move more data over existing phone lines. It can provide speeds of roughly 128,000 bits-per-second, though in practice most people will be limited to 56,000 or 64,000 bits-per-second.

ISP (Internet Service Provider): An institution that provides access to the Internet in some form, usually for money.

Java: Using small Java programs (called "Applets"), Web pages can include functions such as animations, calculators, and other fancy tricks. Java is specifically designed for writing programs that can be safely downloaded to your computer through the Internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to your computer or files.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): A format for image files, preferred to the GIF format for more complex images such as photos.

Kilobyte: A thousand bytes.

LAN (Local Area Network): A computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building.

Leased-line: A phone line rented for 24-hour connectivity from your location to another location. The highest speed data connections require a leased line.

Link: A connection between text or pictures on one Web page and another Web page. In a typical Web page, text links are shown in a different colour text and/or are underlined. When you click a link on a Web page, you go immediately to the Web page specified by that link.

Login: The account name used to gain access to a computer system, or the act of entering a computer system.

Megabyte: A million bytes.

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions): The standard for attaching non-text files to standard Internet mail messages. Non-text files include graphics, spreadsheets, formatted word-processor documents, and sound files. The MIME standard specifies the type of file being sent, and the method that should be used to turn it back into its original form.

Modem (MOdulator, DEModulator): A device connected to a computer and a phone line, allowing the computer to connect to a network through the phone system.

MPEG: A graphic format for creating and displaying full-motion video clips.

Multi-engine search: A search tool which uses a number of search engines in parallel to provide a response to a query.

Newbies: Internet beginners.

Newsgroup: The name for discussion groups on USENET.

Newsreader: A program used to read and post articles to a newsgroup.

NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol): The protocol used to carry newsgroup postings back and forth over a TCP/IP network.

Node: Any single computer connected to a network.

Operator: A rule or specific instruction used in composing a query for a search engine.

Packet Switching: The method used to move data around on the Internet using TCP/IP. The data leaving a machine is broken up into chunks, and each chunk carries the address of where it came from and where it is going. This enables chunks of data from various sources to co-mingle on the same lines en route to different destinations.

Password: A code used to gain access to a locked system.

Plug-in: A small piece of software which adds features to a larger piece of software. Common examples are plug-ins for the Netscape browser and web server. A small piece of software is loaded into memory by the larger program to add a new feature, and users need only install the few plug-ins that they need out of a much larger pool of possibilities.

POP (Point of Presence, also Post Office Protocol): A Point of Presence usually means a city or location where a network can be connected. If an Internet company announces that they will soon have a POP in Belgrade, it means that they will soon have a local phone number in Belgrade and/or a place where leased lines can connect to their network. Post Office Protocol refers to the way e-mail software such as Eudora gets mail from a mail server. It is your POP account (not your e-mail address) that e-mail software must access in order to retrieve your mail.

Port: Every service on an Internet server listens on a particular port number on that server. Most services have standard port numbers, e.g. Web servers normally listen on port 80.

Posting: A single message entered into a network communications system, i.e. posted to a newsgroup or message board.

Query: A search request combining words and symbols to define the information the user is seeking.

Ranking: A means of listing hits retrieved from an Internet search in order of relevance.

Real-time: Live (communication over the Internet).

RFC (Request For Comments): The process for creating a standard on the Internet New standards are proposed and published on line, as Requests For Comments.

Robot: The software for indexing and updating websites, which operates by scanning documents on the Internet via a network of links. Also known as spiders and crawlers.

Search Engine: A program that searches Web pages for words, phrases, or concepts requested by the user.

Search Tool: A computer program which conducts searches on the World Wide Web.

Server: The computer with the primary file storage and processing capabilities for a network.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol): The main protocol used to send electronic mail on the Internet

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The suite of protocols that defines the Internet Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP/IP software is now available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet, your computer must have TCP/IP software.

Telnet: The command and program used to login from one Internet site to another. The Telnet command/program gets you to the login: prompt of another host.

Terabytes: 1000 gigabytes.

Terminal: A device that allows you to send commands to a computer located elsewhere. At a minimum, this usually means a keyboard and a display screen and some simple circuitry. Usually you will use terminal software in a personal computer - the software emulates a physical terminal.

UNIX: A computer operating system. The most common operating system for servers on the Internet, UNIX is designed to be used by many people at the same time and has TCP/IP built-in.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet which is part of the World Wide Web. The most common way to use a URL is to enter into a WWW browser program such as Microsoft Internet Explorer.

USENET: A worldwide system of discussion groups, or newsgroups, with comments passed among hundreds of thousands of machines.

Veronica (Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives): Veronica is a constantly updated database of almost every menu item on thousands of gopher servers. The Veronica database can be searched from most major gopher menus.

WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers): A commercial software package that allows the indexing of huge quantities of information and makes these indices searchable across networks such as the Internet Search results are ranked according to how relevant the hits are, and subsequent searches can refine the search process.

WAN (Wide Area Network): Any Internet or network that covers an area larger than a single building or campus.

WWW (World Wide Web): The graphical segment of the Internet, which is made up of millions of Web pages on servers all over the world. Each page has an address called a URL and contains links that you click to go to other Web pages.
Applet: A small Java program that can be embedded in an HTML page. An applet can only make an Internet connection to the computer from which the applet was sent.

Archie: A tool for finding files stored on anonymous FTP sites.

ARPANet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network): The precursor to the Internet. Developed in the late 60's and early 70's by the US Department of Defense as an experiment in wide-area-networking that would survive a nuclear war.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): This is the worldwide standard for the code numbers used by computers to represent all the upper and lower-case Latin letters, numbers, and punctuation. There are 128 standard ASCII codes, each of which is a 7 digit binary number.

Attachments: Computer files that accompany the message portion of your e-mail.

Bandwidth: The amount of data which can be sent through a connection, usually measured in bits-per-second. A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits, and a fast modem can move about 56,000 bits in one second. Full-motion full-screen video would require roughly 10,000,000 bits-per-second, depending on compression.

Bit (Binary Digit): The smallest unit of computerized data.

Bps (Bits-Per-Second): A measurement of the speed with which data is moved from one location to another.

Bookmark: A place holder you can use to track pages you have visited on the Web.

Boolean Search: A keyword search that uses Boolean Operators (i.e. AND, OR, NOT and NEAR).

Browser: Software program with a user friendly interface allowing easy navigation of the Internet (i.e. Netscape or Internet Explorer).

Byte: A set of Bits (usually 8) that represent a single character.

CGI (Common Gateway Interface): Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and modifies it, i.e. converting a form into an e-mail message, or turning a keyword into a database query. A CGI program is being used if "CGI-bin" appears in the URL.

CGI-bin: The directory on a web server in which CGI programs are stored.

Client: Any PC on a network that connects to an Internet application or to data residing on a server.

Cookies: Cookies store information about visitors to websites - this data (i.e. user name, password and which parts of the site were used) is updated with every visit.

Cyberspace: The metaphysical environment of the Internet.

Directory Search: Hierarchical search that begins with a general heading and proceeds through selections of increasingly more specific information.

Domain Name: The unique name that identifies an Internet site. Domain Names always have 2 or more parts separated by dots (i.e. iod.co.uk). The part on the left is the most specific, and the part on the right is the most general.

Download: To copy a file or program from a host computer "down" to your computer. The opposite of download is upload, which means to copy a file from your computer "up" to the host computer.

E-mail (Electronic Mail): Messages, usually text, sent from one person to another via computer.

False Drops: Documents which are retrieved by an Internet search but are not relevant to the user's interest.

FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions): FAQs are Internet documents which list and answer the most common questions on a particular subject.

Fire Wall: A combination of hardware and software which separates a LAN into two or more parts for security purposes.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A very common method of moving files between two Internet sites. There are many Internet sites that have established publicly accessible repositories of material that can be obtained by FTP login using the account name anonymous. These sites are termed anonymous ftp servers.

Gateway: A hardware or software set-up translating between two dissimilar protocols, for example an internal e-mail format and Internet e-mail.

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format): A common format for image files, especially suitable for simple images containing large areas of the same colour.

Gigabyte: 1000 megabytes.

Gopher: A system of clients and servers that provides a menu system for navigating the Internet. Although Gopher spread rapidly across the globe in only a couple of years, it has been largely supplanted by Hypertext.

History: A browser list of previously visited Web pages, which makes for easy recall.

Hit: A single request from a web browser for a single item from a web server. In order for a web browser to display a page that contains 3 graphics, 4 "hits" would occur at the server: 1 for the HTML page, and one for each of the 3 graphics. "hits" are often used as a very rough measure of load on a server.

Home Page (or Homepage): The web page your browser defaults to when it starts up, or the main web page within a site.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The programming language which is used to create Web pages. HTML files are designed to be viewed using a World Wide Web Client Program such as Microsoft Internet Explorer.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The protocol for moving hypertext files across the Internet. Requires a HTTP client program on one end and an HTTP server program on the other. HTTP is the most important protocol used in the World Wide Web (WWW).

Hypertext: Text that contains links to other documents - words or phrases which can be chosen by a user in order for another document to be retrieved and displayed. Graphics can also be hypertext "links".

Internet (Upper case I): A worldwide network of millions of computers and servers using phone system technology to carry information from one place to another.

Intranet: A private network inside a company or organization which runs on the same kinds of software as that found on the Internet, but which is only for internal use.

IP Number (Internet Protocol Number): Sometimes called a dotted quad. A unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots, e.g. 165.113.245.2. Every machine on the Internet possesses a unique IP number.

IRC (Internet Relay Chat): A multi-user real-time chat facility. There are a number of major IRC servers around the world which are linked to each other. Anyone can create a channel and anything typed in a given channel is seen by all users of that channel.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): A way to move more data over existing phone lines. It can provide speeds of roughly 128,000 bits-per-second, though in practice most people will be limited to 56,000 or 64,000 bits-per-second.

ISP (Internet Service Provider): An institution that provides access to the Internet in some form, usually for money.

Java: Using small Java programs (called "Applets"), Web pages can include functions such as animations, calculators, and other fancy tricks. Java is specifically designed for writing programs that can be safely downloaded to your computer through the Internet and immediately run without fear of viruses or other harm to your computer or files.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): A format for image files, preferred to the GIF format for more complex images such as photos.

Kilobyte: A thousand bytes.

LAN (Local Area Network): A computer network limited to the immediate area, usually the same building or floor of a building.

Leased-line: A phone line rented for 24-hour connectivity from your location to another location. The highest speed data connections require a leased line.

Link: A connection between text or pictures on one Web page and another Web page. In a typical Web page, text links are shown in a different colour text and/or are underlined. When you click a link on a Web page, you go immediately to the Web page specified by that link.

Login: The account name used to gain access to a computer system, or the act of entering a computer system.

Megabyte: A million bytes.

MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions): The standard for attaching non-text files to standard Internet mail messages. Non-text files include graphics, spreadsheets, formatted word-processor documents, and sound files. The MIME standard specifies the type of file being sent, and the method that should be used to turn it back into its original form.

Modem (MOdulator, DEModulator): A device connected to a computer and a phone line, allowing the computer to connect to a network through the phone system.

MPEG: A graphic format for creating and displaying full-motion video clips.

Multi-engine search: A search tool which uses a number of search engines in parallel to provide a response to a query.

Newbies: Internet beginners.

Newsgroup: The name for discussion groups on USENET.

Newsreader: A program used to read and post articles to a newsgroup.

NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol): The protocol used to carry newsgroup postings back and forth over a TCP/IP network.

Node: Any single computer connected to a network.

Operator: A rule or specific instruction used in composing a query for a search engine.

Packet Switching: The method used to move data around on the Internet using TCP/IP. The data leaving a machine is broken up into chunks, and each chunk carries the address of where it came from and where it is going. This enables chunks of data from various sources to co-mingle on the same lines en route to different destinations.

Password: A code used to gain access to a locked system.

Plug-in: A small piece of software which adds features to a larger piece of software. Common examples are plug-ins for the Netscape browser and web server. A small piece of software is loaded into memory by the larger program to add a new feature, and users need only install the few plug-ins that they need out of a much larger pool of possibilities.

POP (Point of Presence, also Post Office Protocol): A Point of Presence usually means a city or location where a network can be connected. If an Internet company announces that they will soon have a POP in Belgrade, it means that they will soon have a local phone number in Belgrade and/or a place where leased lines can connect to their network. Post Office Protocol refers to the way e-mail software such as Eudora gets mail from a mail server. It is your POP account (not your e-mail address) that e-mail software must access in order to retrieve your mail.

Port: Every service on an Internet server listens on a particular port number on that server. Most services have standard port numbers, e.g. Web servers normally listen on port 80.

Posting: A single message entered into a network communications system, i.e. posted to a newsgroup or message board.

Query: A search request combining words and symbols to define the information the user is seeking.

Ranking: A means of listing hits retrieved from an Internet search in order of relevance.

Real-time: Live (communication over the Internet).

RFC (Request For Comments): The process for creating a standard on the Internet New standards are proposed and published on line, as Requests For Comments.

Robot: The software for indexing and updating websites, which operates by scanning documents on the Internet via a network of links. Also known as spiders and crawlers.

Search Engine: A program that searches Web pages for words, phrases, or concepts requested by the user.

Search Tool: A computer program which conducts searches on the World Wide Web.

Server: The computer with the primary file storage and processing capabilities for a network.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol): The main protocol used to send electronic mail on the Internet

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The suite of protocols that defines the Internet Originally designed for the UNIX operating system, TCP/IP software is now available for every major kind of computer operating system. To be truly on the Internet, your computer must have TCP/IP software.

Telnet: The command and program used to login from one Internet site to another. The Telnet command/program gets you to the login: prompt of another host.

Terabytes:
1000 gigabytes.

Terminal: A device that allows you to send commands to a computer located elsewhere. At a minimum, this usually means a keyboard and a display screen and some simple circuitry. Usually you will use terminal software in a personal computer - the software emulates a physical terminal.

UNIX: A computer operating system. The most common operating system for servers on the Internet, UNIX is designed to be used by many people at the same time and has TCP/IP built-in.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet which is part of the World Wide Web. The most common way to use a URL is to enter into a WWW browser program such as Microsoft Internet Explorer.

USENET: A worldwide system of discussion groups, or newsgroups, with comments passed among hundreds of thousands of machines.

Veronica (Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives): Veronica is a constantly updated database of almost every menu item on thousands of gopher servers. The Veronica database can be searched from most major gopher menus.

WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers):
A commercial software package that allows the indexing of huge quantities of information and makes these indices searchable across networks such as the Internet Search results are ranked according to how relevant the hits are, and subsequent searches can refine the search process.

WAN (Wide Area Network):
Any Internet or network that covers an area larger than a single building or campus.

WWW (World Wide Web): The graphical segment of the Internet, which is made up of millions of Web pages on servers all over the world. Each page has an address called a URL and contains links that you click to go to other Web pages.

History of internet

      

Net History with a human face

The history of the Internet starts in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of computers. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network,Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking. It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication, by 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.

Three Terminals and an ARPA

Sputnik has launched ARPA

The road that were built by the Ike

A fundamental pioneer in the call for a global network, J. C. R. Licklider, articulated the ideas in his January 1960 paper, Man-Computer Symbiosis .

"A network of such [computers], connected to one another by wide-band communication lines [which provided] the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and [other] symbiotic functions."

Welden Clark

—J.C.R. Licklider, 

In August 1962, Licklider and Welden Clark published the paper "On-Line Man Computer Communication", one of the first descriptions of a networked future.

DARPA

In October 1962, Licklider was hired by Jack Ruina as Director of the newly established Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) within DARPA, with a mandate to interconnect the United States Department of Defense's main computers at Cheyenne Mountain, the Pentagon, and SAC HQ. There he formed an informal group within DARPA to further computer research. He began by writing memos describing a distributed network to the IPTO staff, whom he called "Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network". As part of the information processing office's role, three network terminals had been installed: one for System Development Corporation in Santa Monica, one for Project Genie at the University of California, Berkeley and one for the Compatible Time-Sharing System project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Licklider's identified need for inter-networking would be made obvious by the apparent waste of resources this caused.

"For each of these three terminals, I had three different sets of user commands. So if I was talking online with someone at S.D.C. and I wanted to talk to someone I knew at Berkeley or M.I.T. about this, I had to get up from the S.D.C. terminal, go over and log into the other terminal and get in touch with them. [...] I said, it's obvious what to do (But I don't want to do it): If you have these three terminals, there ought to be one terminal that goes anywhere you want to go where you have interactive computing. That idea is the ARPAnet."

—Robert W. Taylor, co-writer with Licklider of "The Computer as a Communications Device", in an interview with The New York Times,

 Although he left the IPTO in 1964, five years before the ARPANET went live, it was his vision of universal networking that provided the impetus that led his successors such as Lawrence Roberts and Robert Taylor to further the ARPANET development. Licklider later returned to lead the IPTO in 1973 for two years.

Algor created the internet

Packing Switching

At the tip of the problem lay the issue of connecting separate physical networks to form one logical network. During the 1960s, Paul Baran (RANDCorporation), produced a study of survivable networks for the US military. Information transmitted across Baran's network would be divided into what he called 'message-blocks'. Independently, Donald Davies (National Physical Laboratory, UK), proposed and developed a similar network based on what he called packet-switching, the term that would ultimately be adopted. Leonard Kleinrock (MIT) developed mathematical theory behind this technology. Packet-switching provides better bandwidth utilization and response times than the traditional circuit-switching technology used for telephony, particularly on resource-limited interconnection links.

Packet switching is a rapid store-and-forward networking design that divides messages up into arbitrary packets, with routing decisions made per-packet. Early networks used message switched systems that required rigid routing structures prone to single point of failure. This led Tommy Krash and Paul Baran's U.S. military funded research to focus on using message-blocks to include network redundancy, which in turn led to the widespread urban legend that the Internet was designed to resist nuclear attack.

ARPANET

 ARPANET

         Promoted to the head of the information processing office at DARPA, Robert Taylor intended to realize Licklider's ideas of an interconnected networking system. Bringing in Larry Roberts from MIT, he initiated a project to build such a network. The first ARPANET link was established between the University of California, Los Angeles and the Stanford Research Institute on 22:30 hours on October 29, 1969.By December 5, 1969, a 4-node network was connected by adding the University of Utah and the University of California, Santa Barbara. Building on ideas developed in ALOHAnet, the ARPANET grew rapidly. By 1981, the number of hosts had grown to 213, with a new host being added approximately every twenty days.

           ARPANET became the technical core of what would become the Internet, and a primary tool in developing the technologies used. ARPANET development was centered around the Request for Comments (RFC) process, still used today for proposing and distributing Internet Protocols and Systems. RFC 1 entitled "Host Software", was written by Steve Crocker from the University of California, Los Angeles, and published on April 7, 1969. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing.

International collaborations on ARPANET were sparse. For various political reasons, European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks. Notable exceptions were the Norwegian Seismic Array (NORSAR) in 1972, followed in 1973 by Sweden with satellite links to the Tanum Earth Station and Peter Kirstein's research group in the UK, initially at the Institute of Computer Science, London University and later at University College London.

About me

     I'm Jo-Anna Liza Rizada, I live in Sipalay city Negros Occidental. Im still studying in RRLS-ICT Academy, im taking up Computer Programming NC 1V, Ma'am Arcelo is my guardian and my boss. I'm a working students,of ma'am arcelo and im happy that ma'am is use an instrument to God. When im able to finish my study, i want to direct work and i do my best in what way of work of that. I have more plan to my family, if i succeed  to my  dream,  i  make own  business for them. After my plan, i want to follow my heart to love someday and make a good family. My hobbies is swimming. yeah! i like it. I have motto; "Today is Sacrifice ,Tomorrow  is Paradise" for now is not already graduate is a time of sacrifice, and after a many years and if i success and thats a paradise. I'm a simple and friendly to meet everybody. I have more friends, girls and boys. I have more experience about love, and friends, to personal and impersonal. I have talents,singing and praying to God.